Evolutionary Ethics :: Morals Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Evolutionary EthicsABSTRACT Michael cheat has argued that evolutionary ethics discredits the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Ruse must affiance dubitable assumptions, however, to reach his conclusion. We can trace these assumptions to G. E. Moore. Also, part of Ruses case against the foundations of ethics can support the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Cooperative activity adapt toward human flourishing helps point the way to a naturalistic good realism and not exclusively to ethical skepticism as Ruse supposes. opening Ruses Metaethical AssumptionsMichael Ruse has argued that evolutionary ethics discredits the objectivity and foundations of ethics (Ruse 1991, Ruse 1993). Ruse must employ dubitable assumptions, however, to reach his conclusion. Also, parts of Ruses case against the foundations of ethics can support the objectivity and foundations of ethics. Ruses narrow construal of the foundations of ethics plays an important role in his arguments against the foun dations of ethics. He considers notwithstanding 3 possible contenders that could serve as foundations for ethics 1) Moorean non-naturalism, 2) Platonic Forms, and 3) the Divine Command Theory (Ruse 1993 157). For Ruse, each of the three contenders explains how honourableity can refer to something step up there(Ruse 1993 153, 158). Notice that for Ruse one can only maintain the position of moral realismthe view that at least some moral issues are objective and obtain independently of our moral beliefsnon-naturalistic entirelyy. His reasoning for this is clear. He points out that Moores arguments against the evolutionary ethics of Herbert Spencer turned on the is/ought distinction. According to this distinction, we cannot logically ground ethical statements naturalistically, for one cannot derive ought from is. Moores arguments against ethical naturalismthe view that moral claims/facts/judgments are nothing but a special secern of natural claims/facts/judgmentshelp make Moores cas e in favor of non-naturalism. Platos non-natural Forms and the commands of a non-natural divinity would also avoid the difficult task of deriving values from natural, physical facts that ethical naturalism faces. Philosophers (not least of all Ruse) commonly proclaim that Moores application of the naturalistic fallacy hinges on the is/ought distinction. For Moore, we cannot derive moral statements from non-moral statements because good is indefinable, or, as Prof. Sidgwick says, an unanalysable notion (Moore 1903 17). This would imply of course that any attempt whatsoever to define or analyze a moral term much(prenominal) as good in other terms is fallacious. Moore concedes that we can analyze moral words in terms of each other but all reductions of moral terms will ultimately reduce to good and bad.

12 Angery Men :: essays research papers

The movie Twelve Angry Men begins with an eighteen year old boy from the ghetto who is on trial for the murder of his abusive father. A jury of twelve work force are locked in the deliberation room to decide the fate of the young boy. either evidence is against the boy and a guilty verdict would send him to die in the electric chair. The judge informs the jurors that they are faced with a grave closing and that the court would not entertain any acts of mercy for the boy if found guilty. Even before the deliberation talks begin it is apparent most of the men are certain the boy is guilty. However, when the initial poll is taken Juror 8 (Henry Fonda) registers a shocking not guilty vote. Immediately the room is in uproar. The rest of the jury resents the inconvenient of his decision. After questioning his sanity they hastily decide to humor the juror 8 (Henry Fonda) by agreeing to discuss the trial for bingle hour. Eventually, as the talks proceed juror 8 slowly undermines their co nfidence by saying that the murder weapon is widely available to anyone, and that the testimony of the draw witness is suspect. Gradually they are won over by his arguments and even the most narrow minded of his fellow jurors hesitantly agrees with him. Their verdict is now a solid not guilty. Arriving at a unanimous not guilty verdict does not come easily. The jury encounters many difficulties in learning to transcend and deal with each other. What seems to be a decisive guilty verdict as deliberations begin slowly becomes a questionable not sure. Although the movie deals with issues relating to the deal of effective communication this paper testament focus of two reasons why they encounter difficulties and how they overcome them. First, we will apply the Johari grid theory and see how it applies to their situation. Then, we will see how each individuals frame of reference and prejudices effect their perception which cause difficulties in the communication process. If we analyz e the Johari grid of each juror we see a large hidden area in the case of all of the men. Take into consideration, referred to by juror numbers only they do not even sustain the benefit of knowing their names. These men have never talked before. Each of them come from different situations with

lamb Essay -- essays research papers

The lamb is a symbol of innocence, ignorance, purity, and self justification. In William Blakes poem The Lamb, children argon biblically innocent and the speaker contrast himself to the higher divinity. In this interpretation of children the speaker may possibly be trying to use ignorance as an excuse for ill-doing in his life. The lambs natural gifts are turn overly envied by the speaker, the gifts being food, shelter, and happiness. William Blake may have used this scene of fertile valleys to allow the indorser to also feel the envy towards the lambs peaceful existence. The lamb by no fault of its sustain is prosecuted by speaker, later to be launch incoherent with his own tortures and suffrages(Paananem 40).William Blake used direct dictation through his poem, The Lamb, in distributing his theorem, which we, humans, seek to find peace within our selves only after reestablishing our individualism with something pure. Humans are biblically damned to eternal unhappiness, the p ast was the beginning of futures pain. The biblical reference to Adam and Eve is subtle but clear enough with the envy portrayed by the speaker towards the lamb. The eternal suffering will not cease until humans take acknowledgment of their own faults and own sins. The speaker is seeking answers to his questions, about how the lamb gained such natural innocence here. There are no clear answers to any of the speakers questions throughout the poem, causing the readers to stir within themse...

The Orgins Of Atomic Theory :: essays research papers fc

The Orgins of Atomic TheoryThere is an eternal human compulsion to open up the mysteries of our lives andour world. This search for have it offledge has guided us to many beneficial newunderstandings. It has lead us into this new age where information is its ownreward, an age where depth is an end, not simply a means to an end.Enlightenment has been the aim of many great people. It has inspired manyscientists and artists to construct articles of infinite beauty and value.At times this quest for understanding has been embraced by entire civilizations,and when an entire society commits to one noble cause only good can come from it.In old-fashioned Greece there was such a civilization, and even today we use theirtheories to initiate our scientific and artistic endeavors. All western thoughtcan find its root in the philosophy and science of the Greeks, even the way wesee the world is influenced by the ideologies of Ancient Greece. The Greeks werethe first to seek a greater understa nding of the world, to know "why" we are notjust "what" we are.The Greeks invented science and explored it in its truest form, philosophy.Through the years we have developed tools that we hope can prove or contradictvarious hypothesizes, to further our understanding of any number of things. Wedivide science into categories and then sub-divide it even farther, until we canhide the connections and pretend that they really are separate. The leavingbetween psychology and physics is not as extreme as one would believe if theywere to read their definitions. Though the means are different the refinement is thesame for all science to increase our understanding of our earthly domain, andto improve ourselves. The Greeks created this guiding principle more than twothousand years ago.Greek nuclear theory was not the work of a single person, in fact it was aproduct of many great minds. There were many fundamental ideas that make thebasis for their theory on the make up of the universe. One-hundred and fortyyears before Socrates there was a lesser-known scholar named Thales, and he wasthe Father of Philosophy.Thales was from a interrupt of Greece called Miletus, and it was for his skill as anengineer, not as a philosopher, that he was recognized during his life. Beforehis time, the Greeks had no clear concept of matter, and did not use science to strain their understanding of the universe. Because of the focus on thepractical that was prevalent during that time, it was not until years later that

Economic growth in Botswana :: essays research papers

I recently had the pleasure of listening to Dr. Scott Beaulier speak on his research on the reasons wherefore the small and desolate country of Botswana has had such drastic economic growth in the last 30 years. Dr. Beaulier partook in what is called an analytic narrative, which is the act of learning nigh a country by going there and totally immersing ones self in their economy and way of life as to experience it all source hand. This helped him with his research.Botswana is a small country roughly the size of Texas with 1.7 million inhabitants. Nearly 80 percent of Botswana is the Kalihari desert. This makes Botswana a sub-Saharan, land locked country. some(prenominal) economists believe in the geography hypothesis, which states that countries that are northern and near water will prosper, while those that are southern and land locked will most in all likelihood struggle. Botswana broke this hypothesis, being twain southern and land locked. Botswana, unlike many nigh coun tries, pursued a sound economic policy, favoring drop out trade, a free market, and a limited administration. on that point was no military presence in Botswana till 1976. With no military presence, Botswana could grow without the need of military pass offing. Botswana also relied on their traditional customs, even in post colonial periods. Botswana had a pre-colonial institution called the Kgotlas that consisted of chiefs from various regions of the country. These chiefs would hold basically what was considered a town council with all the tribesmen to discuss issues. The chiefs took complaints constructively and worked to better the situation. This form of government set Botswana aside from many other African countries.Botswana was colonized by Great Britain in the 1880s in an travail to prevent to German, who had colonized neighboring Namibia, from tapping into South Africas diamond source. Great Britain was reluctant to colonize Botswana, due to its lack of favorable geograp hic qualities. In 1965, Botswana was realized as an independent state. A major leader that emerged to lead Botswana was a man by the name of Comma. He married a white fair sex by the name of pity Wilson. He was a very lenient ruler, and tried to establish a successful country. He allowed refugees in from neighboring countries. He believed that no defense was the trounce defense. He figured that if his country was invaded, one of the major world powers would come to his aid. Therefore he had no military to spend money on.Economic growth in Botswana essays research papers I recently had the pleasure of listening to Dr. Scott Beaulier speak on his research on the reasons why the small and desolate country of Botswana has had such drastic economic growth in the last 30 years. Dr. Beaulier partook in what is called an analytic narrative, which is the act of learning about a country by going there and totally immersing ones self in their economy and way of life as to experience it all first hand. This helped him with his research.Botswana is a small country roughly the size of Texas with 1.7 million inhabitants. Nearly 80 percent of Botswana is the Kalihari desert. This makes Botswana a sub-Saharan, land locked country. Many economists believe in the geography hypothesis, which states that countries that are northern and near water will prosper, while those that are southern and land locked will most likely struggle. Botswana broke this hypothesis, being both southern and land locked. Botswana, unlike many neighboring countries, pursued a sound economic policy, favoring free trade, a free market, and a limited government. There was no military presence in Botswana till 1976. With no military presence, Botswana could grow without the need of military spending. Botswana also relied on their traditional customs, even in post colonial periods. Botswana had a pre-colonial institution called the Kgotlas that consisted of chiefs from various regions of the country. These chiefs would hold basically what was considered a town council with all the tribesmen to discuss issues. The chiefs took complaints constructively and worked to better the situation. This form of government set Botswana aside from many other African countries.Botswana was colonized by Great Britain in the 1880s in an attempt to prevent to German, who had colonized neighboring Namibia, from tapping into South Africas diamond source. Great Britain was reluctant to colonize Botswana, due to its lack of favorable geographic qualities. In 1965, Botswana was established as an independent state. A major leader that emerged to lead Botswana was a man by the name of Comma. He married a white woman by the name of Ruth Wilson. He was a very lenient ruler, and tried to establish a successful country. He allowed refugees in from neighboring countries. He believed that no defense was the best defense. He figured that if his country was invaded, one of the major world powers would come to hi s aid. Therefore he had no military to spend money on.

Economic growth in Botswana :: essays research papers

I recently had the pleasure of listening to Dr. Scott Beaulier speak on his research on the reasons why the sm in all and naked surface area of Botswana has had such drastic economic growth in the last 30 years. Dr. Beaulier partook in what is called an analytic narrative, which is the act of eruditeness about a country by going there and totally immersing ones self in their economy and way of life as to experience it all first hand. This helped him with his research.Botswana is a gauzy country roughly the size of Texas with 1.7 million inhabitants. Nearly 80 percent of Botswana is the Kalihari desert. This makes Botswana a sub-Saharan, shoot down locked country. Many economists believe in the geography hypothesis, which states that countries that are Yankee and near water will prosper, while those that are southern and land locked will most likely struggle. Botswana broke this hypothesis, beingness both southern and land locked. Botswana, unlike many neighboring countries, p ursued a sound economic policy, favoring free trade, a free market, and a particular government. There was no armed services presence in Botswana till 1976. With no military presence, Botswana could grow without the need of military spending. Botswana also relied on their traditional customs, plain in post colonial periods. Botswana had a pre-colonial institution called the Kgotlas that consisted of chiefs from various regions of the country. These chiefs would hold basically what was considered a town council with all the tribesmen to discuss issues. The chiefs took complaints constructively and worked to better the situation. This determine of government set Botswana deflection from many other African countries.Botswana was colonize by Great Britain in the 1880s in an attempt to prevent to German, who had colonized neighboring Namibia, from tapping into South Africas diamond source. Great Britain was reluctant to colonize Botswana, due to its lack of favorable geographic qua lities. In 1965, Botswana was established as an commutative state. A major attracter that emerged to lead Botswana was a man by the figure of Comma. He married a white woman by the name of Ruth Wilson. He was a very lenient ruler, and tried to establish a successful country. He allowed refugees in from neighboring countries. He believed that no confession was the best defense. He estimate that if his country was invaded, one of the major world powers would come to his aid. Therefore he had no military to spend money on. frugal growth in Botswana essays research papers I recently had the pleasure of listening to Dr. Scott Beaulier speak on his research on the reasons why the small and desolate country of Botswana has had such drastic economic growth in the last 30 years. Dr. Beaulier partook in what is called an analytic narrative, which is the act of learning about a country by going there and totally immersing ones self in their economy and way of life as to experience it a ll first hand. This helped him with his research.Botswana is a small country roughly the size of Texas with 1.7 million inhabitants. Nearly 80 percent of Botswana is the Kalihari desert. This makes Botswana a sub-Saharan, land locked country. Many economists believe in the geography hypothesis, which states that countries that are northern and near water will prosper, while those that are southern and land locked will most likely struggle. Botswana broke this hypothesis, being both southern and land locked. Botswana, unlike many neighboring countries, pursued a sound economic policy, favoring free trade, a free market, and a limited government. There was no military presence in Botswana till 1976. With no military presence, Botswana could grow without the need of military spending. Botswana also relied on their traditional customs, even in post colonial periods. Botswana had a pre-colonial institution called the Kgotlas that consisted of chiefs from various regions of the country. T hese chiefs would hold basically what was considered a town council with all the tribesmen to discuss issues. The chiefs took complaints constructively and worked to better the situation. This form of government set Botswana aside from many other African countries.Botswana was colonized by Great Britain in the 1880s in an attempt to prevent to German, who had colonized neighboring Namibia, from tapping into South Africas diamond source. Great Britain was reluctant to colonize Botswana, due to its lack of favorable geographic qualities. In 1965, Botswana was established as an independent state. A major leader that emerged to lead Botswana was a man by the name of Comma. He married a white woman by the name of Ruth Wilson. He was a very lenient ruler, and tried to establish a successful country. He allowed refugees in from neighboring countries. He believed that no defense was the best defense. He figured that if his country was invaded, one of the major world powers would come to his aid. Therefore he had no military to spend money on.

Physical Fitness

Physical learningal activity (often abbreviated Phys. Ed. or P. E. ) or gymnastic exercise(gym or gym class) is a course interpreted during simple and secondary educationthat encourages psychomotor learning in a renovate or move custodyt exploration setting. Physical education trends save developed of of late to incorpo send a greater variety of activities. Introducing students to activities like bowling, walking/hiking, or Frisbee at an primaeval age whoremaster attend to students develop good exertion habits that go out carry over into adulthood. Some teachers have even begun to incorporate stress-reduction techniques such as yoga and deep-breathing.Teaching non-traditional sports to students may also provide the necessary motivation for students to attach their activity, and crowd out help students learn ab out(p) different cultures. For example, composition teaching a unit about lacrosse (in, say, Arizona, USA), students lowlife also learn a superficial bit abo ut the Native American cultures of the Northeast and Eastern Canada, where lacrosse originated. Teaching non-traditional (or non-native) sports provides a great opportunity to integrate academic concepts from other topics as head (social studies from the example above), which may now be required of many P.E. teachers. The four aspects of P. E. atomic number 18 forcible, mental, social, and emotional. Another trend is the incorporation of rise upness and Nutrition to the corporal education curriculum. The Child Nutrition and WIC Re-authorization Act of 2004 required that all(a) school districts with a federally funded school meal program develop wellness policies that address maintenance and somatogenetic activity. While teaching students sports and movement expertnesss, P. E. teachers atomic number 18 now incorporating short wellness and nutrition lessons into the curriculum.This is to a greater extent(prenominal) prevalent at the elementary school seize on, where stude nts do not have a specific Health class. Recently intimately elementary schools have specific health classes for students as well as animal(prenominal) education class. With the recent outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, school districts argon making it mandatory for students to learn about practicing good hygiene along with other health topics. Today many states require Physical program line teachers to be certified to teach Health courses. Many col microscope stagees and Universities offer both Physical Education and Health as angiotensin converting enzyme certification.This release towards health education is beginning in the intermediate level, including lessons on bullying, self-esteem and stress and anger management. In the USA, the physiologic education curriculum is designed to allow school pupils a full range of modern opportunities, dozens of sports and hundreds of c arfully reviewed drills and exercises, including exposure to the education with the use of pedo meter, GPS, and heart rate monitors, as well as state-of-the-art exercise machines in the upper arcdegrees.Some warriorlike humanities classes, like wrestling in the United States, and Pencak Silat in France, Indonesia and Malaysia, be taught to teach children self-defense and to feel good about themselves. The physical education curriculum is designed to allow students to experience at to the lowest degree a stripped exposure to the sideline categories of activities aquatics, conditioning activities, gymnastic exercise, various(prenominal)/dual sports, team sports, rhythms, and dance. Students argon encouraged to continue to explore those activities in which they have a primary quest by effectively managing their community resources.In these areas, a planned sequence of learning experiences is designed to support a progression of student development. This allows kids through 6th grade to be pull ind to sports, fittingness, and teamwork in order to be better prepared for the middle and high school age. In 1975, the United States House of Representatives voted to require school physical education classes allow both genders. Some high school and some middle school PE classes are single-sex.Requiring individuals to participate in physical education activities, such as dodge ball, flag football, and other free-enterprise(a) sports remains a controversial content because of the social impact these have on young children. It is, however, valuable to note that many school budgets have seen cut indorses and in some cases physical education programs have been cut. Technology use in physical education novel technology in Physical education is playing a big role in classes. genius of the most affordable and effective would be a simple tape recorder.With the use of a tape recorder students can see the mistakes theyre making in things such as a throwing motion or swinging potpourri4. Studies show that students do find this to a greater extent effective th an having someone just telling them what they are doing wrong and trying to correct it. Educators also institute the use of other technologies such as pedometers and heart rate monitors very victorful, victimisation them to make step and heart rate goals for students. Other technologies that can be used in a Physical Education setting would include projectors, GPS and even gaming clays such as Kinect for XBOX360, Wii Fit and Dance Dance Revolution.Projectors can be used to show students things such as proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students restless in an outdoor setting and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good federal agency to stay fit in and out of the classroom setting7 Another type of technology that is comm just used in Physical Education is the use of pedometers. Pedemeters do not necessarily cut of meat how far a person is going, but it lets them know the number of steps they are making. It impart let them know how many steps on fairish they are making and want to strive to get more the next class. 1 at that place are many lessons that you can use for many grade levels when you are teaching students to use a pedometer it is important to make it a game, especially for younger students. 2 edit originationwide In South Korea, it is mandatory for pupils to take 3 hours of PE through primary and secondary schools. In Portugal, pupils from primary school could optionally join PE as an extra-curricular activity. From middle school to secondary school pupils must(prenominal) participate in PE classes 2 hours per week. In Singapore, pupils from primary school through lowly colleges are required to have 2 hours of PE every week, except during examination seasons.Pupils are able to play games like football, badminton, captains ball, and basketball during most sessions. Unorthodox sports such as touchball, fencing, and skateboarding are occasionally played. In more prestigious second ary schools and in minor(postnominal) colleges, sports such as golf, tennis, shooting, and squash are played. A compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school once every year to assess the physical fitness of the pupils. Pupils are given a series of fitness tests (Pull-ups/Inclined pull-ups for girls, standing broad jump, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1. km for primary 10-12 year-olds/2. 4 km for secondary and junior college levels 13-18 year-olds). Students are graded by gold, silver, dye or fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional 2 months in the countrys compulsory national service if they attain bronze or fail. In Malaysia, pupils from primary schools to secondary schools are evaluate to do 2 periods or 1 hour of PE throughout the year except a week before examination. In most secondary schools, games like badminton, sepak takraw, football, basketball and tennis are available.Pupils are allowed to bring their own sports equipment to t he school with the authorization of the teacher. In most secondary schools, physical exams are rarely done, schools record pupils heights, weights and how many push-ups they can do. In Scotland, pupils are expected to do at least twain periods of PE in premier(prenominal), second, third and fourth year. In fifth and sixth year, PE is voluntary. citation needed Indonesian high school students are playing traditional game Benteng In Indonesia, students ranging from Kindergarten to senior high School have PE integrated with their curriculum.Kindergarten until Grade 3 of Elementary students have gymnastics, starting from Grade 4 of Elementary School, students will be introduced into traditional martial arts Pencak Silat and some team games such as badminton, tennis, soccer, futsal, ro lows, basketball, etc. Starting from Junior High School, Both gender are separated during PE class. PE find its rest home in extracurricular forms, where students can specialize themself in one kind of sports they choose. Sport Festival can be held during vacuum period, usually after examination.At this epoch students can compete each other by bringing own class flag. Some universities such as ITB include PE in curriculum for freshmen Some countries include Martial Artstraining in school as part of Physical Education class. These Filipino children are doing karate. In the Philippines, some schools have integrated martial arts training into their Physical Education curriculum. 89101112 In England, pupils are expected to do dickens hours of PE a week in Year 7, 8 and 9 and at least 1 in year 10 and 11. 13 In Wales, pupils are expected to do only one hour of PE per fortnight. 14 In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. 15 Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes at undergraduate courses. 16 In India, Physical Education is an important subject in schools. Many students chose Physical Education as a subject against Language Subject Like English, French, some time official language Hindi and some time local languages like Punjabi, because it is very scoring subject and very interesting. Assignments on Physical education increase the interest in Sports.Educational Bodies in India like Central Board of Secondary Education and Punjab School Education Board are in those which conduct examination on Physical Education in affiliated schools and collages. edit adapted physical education primary(prenominal) term Adapted Physical Education Adapted Physical Education or APE, is a sub-discipline and self-control of physical education, focusing on inclusion and students with special needs. Physical fitness comprises two related concepts general fitness (a state of health and well-being), and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition base on the exponent to perform specific aspects ofsports or occupations).Physical fitness is generally achieved through correct nutrition, exercise, and enough rest. Contents hide 1 Definitions 2 fitness 3 Training 4 Menopause and Physical Fitness 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links editDefinitions Physical fitness has been defined as a set of attributes or characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. The above definition from Physical Activity and Health A Report of the Surgeon General is the most common currently used definition of physical fitness.It was originally used by Caspersen and has been used extensively. An alternative definition by Howley and Frank that provides additional descriptive information is Physical fitness is a state of well-being with low chance of premature health problems and null to participate in a variety of physical activities. While either is a good definition, most experts agree that physical fitness is both three-dimensional and hierarchical. In previous yearswhen? , fitness was commonly defi ned as the capacity to carry out the days activities without undue fatigue.However, as automation increase leisure time, changes in lifestyles following the industrial revolution rendered this definition insufficient. In current contexts, physical fitness is considered a verse of the carcasss ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations. 1 editFitness A US marine performing fitness exercises. The Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports a study throng sponsored by thegovernment of the United Statesdeclines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness.Instead, it developed the following chart Health relatedSkill relatedSports Metabolic Morphological Bone integrity OtherBody written report Cardiovascular fitness Flexibility Muscular endurance Muscle strength lightsomeness Balance Coordination Power Speed Reaction time OtherTeam sport exclusive sport Li fetime Other A comprehensive fitness program bespoke to an individual will probably focus on one or more specific skills,2 and on age-3 or health-related needs such as trick up health. 4 Many sourcescitation neededalso cite mental, social and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness.This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle do up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle or aging. 5 Working out can also help people sleep better. To stay healthy it is important to charter in physical activity. 6 editTraining Specific or task-oriented fitness is a persons ability to perform in a specific activity with a reasonable faculty for example, sports ormilitary service. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sports.Examples are 100 m sprint in a sprint the athlete must be trained to work anaerophilousally throughout the race. Marathon in this case the athlete must be trained to work aerobically and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum. Many fire fighters and police officers undergo regular fitness testing to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job. 7 Soldiers of the United States Army must be able to pass the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). 8 Hill sprints, this training requires a level of fitness to begin with, the exercise is in particular good for the leg muscles.The army often trains doing mountain climbing and races. editMenopause and Physical Fitness The menopausal period in women is frequently associated with many subjective complaints including vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbance, alteration in mood, lowered libido, and musculoskeletal pain. All of these symptoms could lead to a lower quality of life. Physical Fitness has the ability to alleviate or even eliminate the effect of most of these. Women experiencing their menopausal period should engage in regular exercise in order to achieve better physical fitness. 9 gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and commensurateness. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Federation Internationale de Gymnastique ( digit). Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the womens events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Mens events are floor exercise, thrash horse, still go, vault, parallel bars, and high bar. acrobatics evolved from exercises used by the ancient classics, that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. Other gymnastic disciplines include trampolining, fall, swinging gymnastics,aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can include children as young as four years old doing kindergym and childrens gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at alter levels of skill, and world class athletes. Contents hide 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Forms 4 Artistic gymnastics 4. 1 Events for women . 2 Events for men 4. 3 chantlike gymnastics 4. 4 Trampolining and tumbling 4. 5 Acrobatic gymnastics 4. 6 aerobic gymnastics 4. 7 TeamGym 4. 8 bring out gymnastics 5 kick back machine and events 5. 1 Rope (rhythmic gymnastics) 5. 2 Rope climb 5. 3 Flying rings 6 Popular culture 6. 1 Film 7 See also 8 References 9 External links editEtymology The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective (gymnos) meaning naked,1 by way of the related verb (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked, train in gymnastic exercise, generally to train, to exercise. 2 The verb had this meaning, because athletes exercised and competed without clothing editHistory 1908 Summer Olympics in London Display of the British womens gymnastics team Exercises of the ancient Greeks began with athletic feats performed by each individual according to his own notion. The youth were encouraged to harmonize amusement with exercise. In time, this kind of exercise was incorporated into a system that figured prominently in the state regulations for education. In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was fitted to the time spent on art and music combined. 3 All Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. The term included stretching exercises and warm-up preparations for athletes (from the Greek athlete athlos, which essence struggle, fight). These tests were based on military exercises. As the Roman Empire ascended, the Greek gymnastics gave way to gymnastics whose designing was military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden horse. In AD 393 the Emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, which by past had become corrupt, and gym nastics, along with other sports, declined. For centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten. 4 In the year 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forli (Italy) wrote Le Arte Gymnastica, that brought unneurotic his study of the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of disease. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (17591839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (17781852) created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had esigned that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. father Francisco Amoros y Ondeano, marquis de Sotelo, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. In particula r, Jahn crafted early models of the naiant bar, the parallel bars (from a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the overreaching horse. 4 The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. 5 By the end of the nineteenth century, mens gymnastics arguing was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to todays audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events.The first womens Olympic competition was primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics, was held at the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been st andardized in modern format, and uniform grade structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a causation that continues. The new medium of television helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics.Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and beautiful gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comaneci received the first hone correspond, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held inMontreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by the Romanian coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Bela Karolyi. Comaneci musical scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. 6 Even with Nadias perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union.Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was pu t into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the difficultness score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for capital punishment, and is given for how well the skills are performed. 7 editForms Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic nix-generating process. 1 Aerobic literally means living in air,2 and refers to the use of convocation O to adequately meet button demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. 3 Generally, light-to- sustain intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobicmetabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. 1 Contents hide 1 Aerobic versus anaerobic exercise 2 Aerobic capacity 3 Criticisms 4 Commercial success 5 Varieties of aerobic (cardiovascular) exercise 5. 1 Indoor 5. 2 Outdoor . 3 Indoor or outdoor 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links editAerobic versus anaerobic exercise This section needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this denomination by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) Fox and Haskell formula showing the split betwixt aerobic (light orange) and anaerobic (dark orange) exercise and heart rate.Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic exercise, of which strength training and short-distance running are the most salient(ip) examples. The two types of exercise differ by the epoch and intensity of sizable contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated within the muscle. In most conditions, anaerobic exercise occurs simultaneously with aerobic exercises because the less efficient anaerobic metabolism must supplement the aerobic system due to energy demands that outgo the aerobic systems capacity.What is generally ca lled aerobic exercise might be better termed solely aerobic, because it is designed to be low-intensity enough not to generate absorb via pyruvate fermentation, so that all wampum is aerobically turned into energy. Initially during increased exertion, muscle glycogen is broken shovel in to produce glucose, which undergoes glycolysis producing pyruvate which then reacts with oxygen (Krebs cycle) to produce coke dioxide and water and releasing energy.If there is a shortage of oxygen (anaerobic exercise, explosive movements), carbohydrate is consumed more rapidly because the pyruvate ferments into lactate. If the intensity of the exercise exceeds the rate with which the cardiovascular system can supply muscles with oxygen, it results in buildup of lactate and quickly makes it impossible to continue the exercise. Unpleasant effects of lactate buildup initially include the burning sensation in the muscles, and may eventually include nausea and even vomiting if the exercise is contin ued without allowing lactate to clear from the extraction stream.As glycogen levels in the muscle begin to fall, glucose is released into the bloodstream by the liver, and fat metabolism is increased so that it can fuel the aerobic pathways. Aerobic exercise may be fueled by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, or a combination of both, depending on the intensity. Prolonged moderate-level aerobic exercise at 65% VO2 max (the heart rate of 150 bpm for a 30-year-old human) results in the maximum absolute contribution of fat to the total energy expenditure. At this level, fat may contribute 40% to 60% of total, depending on the duration of the exercise.Vigorous exercise above 75% VO2max (160 bpm) primarily burns glycogen. 45 Major muscles in a rested, untrained human typically contain enough energy for about 2 hours of vigorous exercise. Exhaustion of glycogen is a major cause of what marathon runners call hitting the wall. Training, lower intensity levels, and carbohydrate loading may a llow to postpone the onset exhaustion beyond 4 hours. 5 Aerobic exercise comprises innumerable forms. In general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, running a long distance at a oderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but sprinting is not. Playing singles tennis, with near-continuous motion, is generally considered aerobic activity, while golf or two person team tennis, with brief bursts of activity punctuated by more frequent breaks, may not be predominantly aerobic. Some sports are thus inherently aerobic, while other aerobic exercises, such as fartlek training or aerobic dance classes, are designed specifically to improve aerobic capacity and fitness. It is most common for aerobic exercises to involve the leg muscles, primarily or exclusively. There are some exceptions.For example,rowing to distances of 2,000 m or more is an aerobic sport that exercises several major muscle groups, including those of the legs, abdomin als, chest, and arms. Common kettlebell exercises combine aerobic and anaerobic aspects. Among the recognized benefits of doing regular aerobic exercise are Strengthening the muscles involved in respiration, to facilitate the flow of air in and out of the lungs Strengthening and enlarging the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, known as aerobic conditioning Strengthening muscles throughout the bodyImproving circulation efficiency and reducing blood pressure Increasing the total number of red blood cells in the body, facilitating transport of oxygen Improved mental health, including reducing stress and lowering the relative incidence of depression Reducing the risk for diabetes. Burns body fat, while building leaner muscle. As a result, aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems. In addition, high-impact aerobic activities (such as jogging or using a skipping rope) can stimulate bone growth, as well as reduce the risk of osteoporosis for both men and women.In addition to the health benefits of aerobic exercise, there are numerous performance benefits Increased storage of energy molecules such as fats and carbohydrates within the muscles, allowing for increased endurance Neovascularization of the muscle sarcomeres to increase blood flow through the muscles Increasing stimulate at which aerobic metabolism is activated within muscles, allowing a greater portion of energy for intense exercise to be generated aerobically Improving the ability of muscles to use fats during xercise, preserving intramuscular glycogen Enhancing the hurrying at which muscles recover from high intensity exercise Both the health benefits and the performance benefits, or training effect, require a minimum duration and frequency of exercise. Most authorities suggest at least twenty minutes performed at least three times per week. 6 editAerobic capacity Main article VO2 max Aerobic capacity describes the funct ional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system, (the heart, lungs and blood vessels).Aerobic capacity is defined as the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during a specified period, usually during intense exercise. 7 It is a function both of cardiorespiratory performance and the maximum ability to remove and utilize oxygen from circulating blood. To measure maximal aerobic capacity, an exercise physiologist or physician will perform a VO2 max test, in which a subject will undergo progressively more strenuous exercise on a treadmill, from an easy walk through to exhaustion.The individual is typically connected to a respirometer to measure oxygen consumption, and the speed is increased incrementally over a fixed duration of time. The higher the measured cardiorespiratory endurance level, the more oxygen has been transported to and used by exercising muscles, and the higher the level of intensity at which the individual can exercise. More simply stated, the higher the aerobic ca pacity, the higher the level of aerobic fitness. The make and multi-stage fitness tests can also be used to assess functional aerobic capacity for particular jobs or activities.The degree to which aerobic capacity can be improved by exercise varies very widely in the human population while the average response to training is an approximately 17% increase in VO2max, in any population there are high responders who may as much as double their capacity, and low responders who will see little or no benefit from training. 8 Studies indicate that approximately 10% of otherwise healthy individuals cannot improve their aerobic capacity with exercise at all. 9 The degree of an individuals responsiveness is highly heritable, suggesting that this trait is genetically determined. 8 An aerobics class. This article is about the type of exercise. For the exercise physiology topic, see Aerobic exercise. Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretchinga nd strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility,muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment.With the goal of preventing complaint and promotingphysical fitness, practitioners perform various routines comprising a number of different dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity. Aerobics classes may allow participants to discern their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer a variety of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class. Contents hide 1 History 2 Aerobic gymnastics 3 See also 4 References editHistory Both the term and the specifi c exercise method were developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper, M. D. , an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. Dr. Cooper, an avowed exercise enthusiast, was personally and professionally puzzled about why some people with excellent muscular strength were still prone to poor performance at tasks such as long-distance running, swimming, and bicycling. He began measuring systematic human performance using a bicycle ergometer, and began measuring sustained performance in terms of a persons ability to use oxygen.His groundbreaking book, Aerobics, was published in 1968, and included scientific exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. The book came at a fortuitous historical moment, when increasing weakness and inactivity in the general population was causation a perceived need for increased exercise. editAerobic gymnastics Aerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, is a type of competitive aerobics involving complicatedchoreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements of aerobics. 1 Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements fighting(a) and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as handsprings, handstands, back flips, and aerial somersaults are prohibited. get ahead is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines.Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an Olympic sport. editArtistic gymnastics Main article Artistic gymnastics Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into Mens and Womens Gymnastics. Typically men compe te on six events Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, save Rings, Vault, Parallel nix, and High Bar, while women compete on four Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR).Though routines performed on each event may be short, they are physically exhausting and push the gymnasts strength, flexibility, endurance and awareness to the limit. In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limit to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. 7 Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores. An execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the execution score was the only score. It was and still is out of 10. 00.During the gymnasts performance, the judges deduct from this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1. 00 deduction, in elite level gy mnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnasts difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect sextuple flight elements.It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. editEvents for women Piked Tsukahara vault. Vault In the vaulting events gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) cartroad, jump onto or perform a roundoff penetration onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then spring off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment).Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. Round-off entry vaults are the most common vaults in elite level gymnastics. In vaults with roundoff entries, gymnasts round-off so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards as in a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting platform (horse).She then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet. In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue or table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horseapproximately 1m in space and 1m in widthgiving gym nasts a larger blocking surface, and is therefore considered safer than the old vaulting horse. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult and wicked vaults. 8 Gymnast on uneven bars. Uneven Bars On the uneven bars (also known as asymmetric bars, UK), the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are make of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width of the bars may be adjusted. Gymnasts perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars.Movements may pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard. Balance Beam The gymnast performs a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersau lts, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 500 centimetres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10 centimetres (3. 9 in) wide. 9 The event requires, in particular, balance, flexibility, poise and strength. Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise. FloorIn the past, the Floor Exercise event was executed on the unclothe floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m ? 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve extra height and a softer landing than would be possible on a standard floor. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the Floor Exercise event.They must choose an accompanying music piece. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music10 but USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. ,11 The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support.Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United states, a gymnast is required to do 23, and in levels 810, at least 34 tumbling passes are required. 12 Scoring A gymnasts score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is calculated based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus.This score is called the D score. 13 Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10. 0. This score is called the E score. 14 The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. 15 And since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score. editEvents for men Floor Male gymnasts also perform on a 12m. by 12m. spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance.The gymnast must also show strength skills, including circles, scales, and press handstands. Mens floor routines usually have four passes that will total between 6070 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the womens event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine. A boy on the pommel horse Pommel Horse A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. whiz leg sk ills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main basic of this event.The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. Still Rings The rings are suspended on wire business line from a point 5. 75 meters from the floor, and adjusted in height so the gymnast has room to hang freely and swing.He must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and high-octane motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may in clude two or three. A routine should have a dismount equal in difficulty to the difficulty of the routine as a whole. Vault Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position.In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults. Parallel Bars Men perform on two bars slightly further than a shoulders width apart and usually 1. 75m high while executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. High Bar A 2. 8 cm thick steel or fiberglass ba r elevated 2. m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giants(revolutions around the bar), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. Leather gripsare usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar. As with the women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events, for their execution, degree of difficulty, and overall presentation skills. editRhythmic gymnastics Irina Tchachina, Russian rhythmic gymnastMain article Rhythmic gymnastics Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Mens rhythmic gymnastics). This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five app aratusball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, ropeon a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic sort of than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution. 16 International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (1519) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Tournaments. editTrampolining and tumbling Double mini-trampoline competitor Main articles Trampolining and Tumbling (gymnastics) Trampolining and tumbl ing consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floorcitation needed). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps perennially to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten leaps without pauses during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills.Routines are attach out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is o ptional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves. Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same place on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is thrown as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline.In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. editAcrobatic gymnastics Acrobatic Womens Pair performing a skill. Main article Acrobatic gymnastics Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics), often referred to as Acro if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their partners. They may, subject to regulations (e. g. no lyrics), pick their own music.Throughout the world, there at three FIG levels Age group (Age 11-16), Junior(12-19) and Senior (15+), which are used in the World Championships and many other events around the world, including European Championships and World Games. All levels require a balance and dynamic routine, Junior and Seniors are also required to perform a final (combined) routine. Currently acrobatic gymnastics is marked out of 30. 00 (can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty) 10. 00 for routine difficulty, (valued from the tables of difficulties) 10. 00 For technical performance, (how well the skills are executed) 10. 0 For Artistry, (the overall performance of the routine, namely choreography) editAerobic gymnastics Main article Aerobic gymnastics Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 1214 and 1517 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor.Routines generally last 6090 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category. editTeamGym TeamGym (also known as Gymnastics for All) has it origins in earliest times. These days, although teams can compete the sport itself was developed to enkindle fitness and health in the participants and is accessible to anyone of any age. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport weapons platform by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), a nd subsequently by national gymnastic federations world wide with participants that now number 30 million. 17 Floor ProgrammeAll members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance, flexibility and skill. The routine has to be skillfully choreographed and the judges look out for changes in shape. There needs to be at least two spins, two balances and two section elements. These section elememts are bodywaves for womens teams, power elements for mens teams and lifts for mixed teams. Floor routines are performed to music. Trampette Here a trampette is used. There are two components of this Vault and the Trampette on its own. There has to be three runs in total. At least one of these runs has to be a vault run.Another run has to include all the gymnasts doing the same move. This is generally the first run. This is also performed to music. Tumbling Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved. One of which has to include all six gymnasts doing a forw ards series. Another run also has to include the gymnasts completing the same move. Each series must have at least three different acrobatic elements. 18 editDisplay gymnastics General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may be all one gender or mixed.There are no age divisions in general gymnastics. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. editFormer apparatus and events editRope (rhythmic gymnastics) Starting in 2011, the rhythmic apparatus rope will be removed from all FIG events and clubs will be returned to the competition. FIG has a policy of only using four of the five pieces of apparatus and changes them for different Olympic cycles. This will affect World Cups, World Championships, and Olympics. editRope climb Main article Rope climbing Generally, competitors climb ed either a 6m (6. m = 20 ft in USA) or an 8m (7. 6m = 25 ft in USA), 38mm (1. 5) diameter natural fiber rope for speed, starting from a seated position on the floor and using only the hands and arms. Kicking the legs in a kind of stride was normally permitted. Many gymnasts can do this in the straddle or pike position, which eliminates the help generated from the legs. editFlying rings Main article Flying rings Flying rings was an event similar to still rings, but with the performer executing a series of stunts while swinging. It was a gymnastic event sanctioned by both the NCAA and the AAU until the early 1960s.

Marketing Plan of a Waste Management Company

Executive Summary Green industry is an organization which go out provide a complete solution for managing industrial lucid tout to large and medium sized companies. It depart be a business to business service. In recent days environment pollution has proceed a concerning issue for e reallyone. Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy is the core of the main strategy 1. Emphasize high treasure, high quality overlaps and services. 2. Build a relationship oriented business. 3. Focus on large and medium industries currently producing liquifiable wastes and polluting rivers severely as our initial markets.Products and Services Our products and services offer inevitable solution to the selected industries. We leave provide two types of product 1. Liquid waste solidification service This service is suitable for those industries that generate crystal clear wastes required a convenient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly way to dispose of these substances. This solidifi cation act upon involves mixing liquid waste with selected reagents and/or absorbents to create a substance hard and dry enough to be landfilled.Solidifying liquid waste in this manner al emits companies to economically dispose of non-hazardous liquids in a Green Industry Subtitle D landfill while reducing its long-term contingent liability. Our consultant result evaluate the liquid waste to see if it qualifies for liquid waste solidification treatment and beca go for determine the specific reagents needed to solidify it. The recommended treatment go away be conducted in a safe and timely manner in full meekness with environmental regulations. 2.Recycling service This is for those residues which stand be recycled from waste to fertilizers and opposite soil enhancer. Recycling is biological decomposition of organic materials. Bacteria, fungi, protozoan, insects, worms and other organisms typically fulfill a part in the decomposition process. Composting is natures means of cy cle. It provide turn grass clipping, leaves, vegetables, fruit and other organic materials into a very beneficial soil amendment. As a market pioneer we will offer certain services.They be We have a well established website to asseverate our activities and services to our current and potential customers. Moreover, they can place bless in our website and we will provide them their desired services within 3 days. In order to increase the value of waste, we will consult on different options of managing waste taking into consideration risk and cost/benefits and the present legislation of residues treatment and governing body. We will provide an exclusive service at a low cost to maintain our disposal system to our customer.There will be several teams consisting of technicians and workers who will go to the companies individually on a regular basis to check the system working ripely. Product Description Liquid waste solidification A solidified liquid waste is a Six-Step Process . 1. Evaluation Based on waste profile information provided by the customer or samples taken on site, Green Industry technicians test the samples at the ne atomic number 18st Green Industry landfill and select an appropriate mixture of reagents and/or absorbents for treatment. 2.Transportation Green Industry transports the liquid waste to a designated Subtitle D landfill where it is weighed. Transport can be accomplished using tanker trucks, drums or roll-off containers. 3. Monitoring The liquid waste is poured into a specially engineered liquid container basin. This basin is monitored regularly to reassure that its surface remains intact and that no liquids leach into the surrounding environment. 4. Introduction to Mixture Reagents and/or absorbents are introduced to the mixture. The basin may then be sealed depending on local air permit regulations or to fit the eeds of the waste materials. 5. Tests The liquid and reagents/absorbents are automatically mixed. Once the liquid hard ens, one or much paint filter tests are performed to confirm that the substance is no longer in a liquid state. 6. Landfill Disposal Solidified waste is transferred from the engineered basin to a site vehicle and directed for disposal within the adjacent Subtitle D landfill. Recycling The residues which can be recycled to fertilizers will be evaluated by our experienced technicians and then will be sent to our recycling department to process it.These recycling/composting wholes work as follows. The unit is 50 feet long. The sludge is placed into one end of the unit. To make compost, additional dry fibrous material such as sawdust, wood chips, or bark must be added. We will acquire a steady supply of these from International Paper Company. The unit turns late, making four revolutions per hour, to go steady that capable oxygen gets to all of the composting material. Also, the unit is set on a very slight, 2 degree angle so that as the unit turns, the material slowly migrates towa rd the opposite end of the unit.During the composting process, the material heats up (due to the natural reaction) to temperatures of approximately 140 degrees Fahrenheit this kills any harmful bacteria in the composting material. Temperature can be controlled to ensure optimum composting environment. Also, the moisture levels can be controlled to ensure optimum composting. After three days, the material has reached the opposite end of the unit where it is removed. determine In Bangladesh just about of the industry-owners are not willing to pay high cost to develop effluent management system in their industries.So our main goal will be to provide our service at minimum possible price in the first phase of the business. Place To reduce our cost we will utilize direct distribution system which means all our services will be available in our regional office. Promotion Our promotional strategy will be two-fold first phase promotion will focus on before, during, and six months followi ng our opening the assist phase of promotion will get laid with the long term activities. The purposes of the first phase are to create market for our keep company and to ensure early and sustained profitability.The purpose of the second phase is to ensure long-term gain and helps boost us toward achieving our goal of expanding new market and sectors without Bangladesh. In this report we will describe the first phase of promotion. own(prenominal) Selling Once face-to-face with our customer, we will be unique in our creative and flexible glide slope in order to solve our clients waste problems. Our approach will be that of a consulting firm. We will visit the customer and investigate which residues the industry has. We will manage and collect whatever residues exist.The process begins with an evaluation meeting with our future client where our representative will analyze the scrap output and recommend the most efficient collection system. Pick-up will be scheduled on an as-ne eded basis or on a regular schedule, depending on the situation. The clients needs can be met by a variety of equipment, including special trucks. After the initial consultation, a comprehensive and customized proposal will be submitted to the customer. The result will be a program that fits neatly into an organizations day-to-day activities as well as its long-term planning.Arranging Campaigns About 6,000 large and medium industries and 24,000 down(p) industries are operating in Bangladesh which dis focusing effluents directly to the rivers or nearby canal or waterbed without any regard to environment. Green Industry will arrange a huge number of campaigns and seminars to aware people about the river pollution they are trustworthy of. We will focus mainly on the owners of textile, tannery, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, metal, food industry, fertilizers, cement, and chemical industries to attend these campaigns and seminars.According to an expert, an average of 19 cubic liter wa ter containing more than 300 different chemical compounds is being discharge daily from these industries. So our main objective will be to protect our rivers from pollution by influencing industry-owners to take aim waste management system and for their convenience we will provide our technology. Advertisement We will utilize direct mail and face-to-face promotional strategies to raise sense about our products and services in the target markets. Newspaper advertising may also be used.All our advancement will convey two messages apprehend pollution and use our product because we are trustworthy. We will focus on our services in our advertisements. Some Billboards promoting Green Industry will accommodate a statement referring to aware people against river pollution in the industrial areas. The statement could be, Can you live without pure drinking water? If not, Save the Rivers and Adopt raging Management. Internet We will have a content heavy website geared toward educating potential customers about the benefits of our products and services. All literature, business cards, etc. ill include our website and e-mail address information. Sales Promotion We will offer special offers to promote our product in the beginning stage. For example, we will install the plant with no service charge for the first 100 customers. Besides, we will offer discounts and prizes on special occasions. We will also induce product trial but in a limited way. Second Phase Promotions Publicity As the business grows and expands we will continue to seek publicity through news media to tout our successes. denote We will continue to make face-to-face contact with customers and potential customers.Mail-outs will be done again within a few months of start up. The second round of mail outs will be updated to reflect the benefits provided to customers at that placefore far. Such mail-outs will be sent periodically. Internet We will continue to have a comprehensive website. The website will be updated to provide responses to frequently asked questions. After the first six months, and certainly after the first year, we will evaluate the viability of having target clients advertise on our site, and conversely, we will evaluate viability of advertising on our target clients websites (if applicable).Product Life Cycle Every product has a limited life and product sales pass through distinct stages, each posing different challenges, opportunities, and problem to the seller. Introduction Stage At the introduction stage our sales growth will tend to be slow because it takes time to roll out a new product. Our profit will be low or negative. pic trope Product Life Cycle In the introduction stage our marketing strategies will be Product will be introduced to the target market with sword name and trust. Pricing will be low. We will maintain a lean cost structure.We will dispose of waste in large quantities, thus enjoying lower costs and economies of scale. Distribution will be selective until customers show acceptance of the product. Promotion is aimed to building awareness of the product as well as environmental pollution. Growth Stage When our product will be accepted by the early adopters, we will tend to achieve the growth stage. In this stage, our strategies will be Product quality will be maintained and our research and development department will try to add new product features. Pricing will be lower to encourage the medium and small industries to adopt our waste management system. Distribution coverage will be increased to other division of Bangladesh. We will provide our service in Khulna and Bogra outside Dhaka. Promotion will be for product preference advertising. We will focus more industries in our promotional activities. Situation Analysis Dhaka city of ours is affected with various environmental problems staking the lives of its inhabitants. Because of highly dense population, lack of environmental consciousness among the inhabi tants and absence of proper role of public agencies it is going to be one of the deadliest cities in world as well.At present river pollution in Bangladesh has become a business concern for all environment concern people. In Bangladesh, industrial units are mostly located along the banks of the rivers. There are obvious reasons for this such as supplying of transportation for incoming raw materials and outgoing finished products. Unfortunately, as a consequence, industrial units drain effluents directly into the rivers without any consideration of the environmental degradation. The most tough industries for the water sector are textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mills, fertilizer, industrial chemical production and refineries.A complex mixture of hazardous chemicals, both organic and inorganic, is discharged into the water bodies from all these industries usually without treatment. To improve the situation, the government has decided to make it mandatory for all industries to ha ve effluent treatment plants. But in Bangladesh there is no such a company like us to provide the complete solution for managing liquid waste. Therefore it is the high time for us to work out the market and create consciousness among people against river pollution. Customer Analysis Target Market ILRM will target the industries which produce liquid and hazardous residues.We will use demographic and geographic segmentation so that we can reach the customer more efficiently and effectively with products and services that match their different needs. Geographic naval division Green Industry will focus on these areas which are being densely polluted by the industrial wastes. The major industrial locations of the soil are concentrated in three metropolitan areas Dhaka, which includes Tejgaon, Hazaribagh, Demra, Tongi, Savar, and Narayangonj. Khulna, which includes Shiromoni, Kalishpur, and Rupsha. Chittagong, which includes Kalurghat, Patenga, Bhatiary, Nasirabad, and Kaptai. Bogra is a rapidly growing industrial center in the northwestern part of the country where many of the mould tools and agro-based industries are located. In the first year of operation, GI will target only to Dhaka and Chittagong and after reaching the break even point in these locations we will expand our area coverage. Corporate/Professional Segmentation As GIs mission is to reduce water pollution by episode GIs product in the selected industries, we will keep those industries which are mostly responsible for the pollution on our center of our attention.Estimated industrial pollution has summarized in Table 1 in the index. It shows the top-eleven most polluting industries, which we will focus on. They are- pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, metal, food industry, fertilizers, cement, tanneries, textiles, and industrial chemicals. Market Growth This market growth is fueled by a more health conscious customer. By different campaigns and seminars we will induce industry owners to adopt was te management process which will modify us to grow our market. Again, our recycling process has a great potential market of selling fertilizers.After a certain period of time when our company reaches to maturity stage, we will introduce more ways of disposing hazardous and non-hazardous industrial residues. This will help us to continue our market growth smoothly through entering into new market segments in different stage. Market Trends Current trends in the market greatly favor the start-up of our waste management business. Laws have been passed in Bangladesh placing greater emphasis on industrial waste management. These laws take effect in 2009. Large industries are already seeking a means of disposal their waste in an environment friendly way.So Green Industry solves their problem. Again our recycling department also has a great impact on organic fertilizer market. The demand for compost to use in organic farming and other applications is growing rapidly. Marketing Strategy for Small Industries Some small industries will not have much space for implementing our liquid waste solidification process. Because they also produce toxic liquid wastes which pollute rivers at some same rate as large industries do, we have special service to offer. We will provide them a special kind of containers to pour their liquid waste into these containers. Then we will collect the ontainers daily and dispose them safely in our companys personal basin constructed in our factory area. The service charge and transportation cost will be paid by the customers. Level of Competition In Bangladesh the level of competition for our company is low. There are no companies in the market that have a proposal like ours to manage all liquid waste released by a company, either with commercial value or not, in a safe way. The main competitors are the current companies that collect specific types of scrap. Most of these companies are small, offering unprofessional services with low scale econo mies in their operations.Risks After evaluating the critical elements of the investment and business risk, we have come to the conclusion that there is an acceptable overall risk for the Green Industry concept for the following reasons Industry We will be a pioneer in a nascent industry. However, this industry has great potential. Demand assumptions In our country most of the industry-owners are not willing to allocate their investment for waste management. Rather they will throw their wastes to a river which is cost free. Our main obstacle will be to pursue them to develop a waste management system.Again small industries do not have much space and investment to curb our waste management system. Though we have a different and convenient plan for these small industries, but convincing them will be much tougher than the prosecute big industries. Technological and operational obsolescence New operational and technological processes will likely reduce the quantity of waste generated . However, this will not only be a slow process, but not all companies will be willing to pay for the changes required. Some industries will be very difficult and pricey to change.We believe there will always be an industrial waste demand. Branding As a new company discolouration value is all important(p) for the growth of our business. We will create our brand equity by stating the benefits and attributes of our products and services. Our brand will say our core value which is to save our river water from getting polluted. Moreover, our brand promises to provide all stated services to our customers. Benefits of liquid waste solidification Cost-savings over alternative treatment and disposal solutions. Compliance with environmental regulations. Long-term indemnification.Advantages of this recycling/composting method are as follows Recycling is completed rapidly in three days. Other methods take 90 plus days. Waste materials in the unit are isolated from the environment. The manager has precise control of moisture, temperature, and aeration during the process to ensure the most efficient composting possible. In-vessel composting can maintain a rapid decomposition process year-round regardless of external ambient conditions. The material can be used for improvement of organic matter content and fertility of soil.

Social Media Article Review

The social network where no one knows your name Its a new social network c entirelyed Social Number, lists users by a number, not by name. Its the latest and greatest thing in an ongoing debate slightly being online and anonymous. The CEO of the company sees it as a complement to open social networking. Users conjecture they appreciate being able to talk freely without maintenance of being judged. You can discuss anything and everything. You piss a message board that you post questions and other volume on that website can respond to that thread.Social Number users say they find value in being able to openly talk about sensitive topics without worrying about alienating or offending anyone. You have a message board that you post questions and other people on that website can respond to that thread. I think this a good thing to have, where people can express their feelings without having feedback from other people that they know mainly so they dont offend them. You can talk about h ow to deal with a bad boss, politics, jobs, friends, the ups and the downs of life al can be discussed here without having your name put on a social network.This is also good for people who call for to vent and have other peoples opinion. Another good thing about this anonymous social network is that there is no bully or threats. For some people expressing your political views on a social network will get attacked by people who are friends with them. As we all have a freedom of speech, I dont believe that anyone should be attacked because they have their own opinion. http//www. cnn. com/2013/01/29/tech/social-media/social-number-anonymous/index. html? hpt=li_c2

Poverty and American Humane Association Essay

You see it in movies, books, and even real life. The cycle of indigence is an endless cycle that entraps those who use up become its victims. Poverty has become one of the largest troubles within America today. It repeats the questions of fear, equivalent, whether or not you will have food on the t satisfactory? Will I be able to pay the mortgage for the house? How tummy I pay for my childs doctor visits if their sick? Families who top into scantiness cycle are usually never able to recover, but there are a select few who find a way to strive and withdraw from its menacing hands, through education.There are kids scarcely analogous you and me, who are living in conditions unimaginable and have to deal with it almost their whole life. legion(predicate) people fall to poverty because of the loss of a job, expenses, wages, incomes, and different such money enigmas, but through the success in education they can frustrate this from happening. Poverty has become a universal fl aw in both our country and many others. Education is one of the possible reasons why people fall into poverty, because many who do not have an education or a high school diploma usually will cause themselves and their families to fall into poverty. agree to roastedpinebark at hubpages. com, people in the U. S who have a high school diploma will have a more wish wellly fortune of receiving at least $40,000 yearly salary paying job while those who are dropouts would receive a $20,000-$16,000 yearly salary job. This whitethorn sound like a lot of money for all of you but really, its not. If you think to the highest degree it on a $20,000 yearly salary you would only receive whatever $1,666 a month probably barely being able to pay for mortgage for their house, not including water, electric, and gas bills too (roatedpinebarkhubpages paragraph 2).That is a lot of money. What it comes follow up to is that a good education is a divided pathway to getting an average paying job or endi ng up in poverty. If a family is already in the cycle of poverty then those kids are even more likely to continue that cycle to their next generation. Three years ago in 2010, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released that For all Americans without a high school diploma the unemployment rate is significantly higher than the national average at 14. % (Employment Policies Institute). The idea of never getting out of the cycle of poverty moved me, because there can be kids just like you and me who try and try to do well in school but end up failing. According to Celia Baker on Deseret News posted on October 22, 2012 that earning a high school diploma can help break the cycle of multi-generational poverty(Baker paragraph 6). The reason for this is because of the lack of money, family issues, and their social life.It may not make sense as to why a childs social life effects their education, but its because they do not receive the skills to develop their brains to learn or adapt. Another p roblem that is found through poverty is the backing of a loving and stable family. Generally I assume all of us have a spry loving family that we have the greatest times with. or so kids arent so lucky. When they come home from school they are sometimes abused, exposed to drugs, and some may have no family.I know that without my family I wouldnt be able to be the person I am today. Our families give us the prerequisite love and attention we need to function as people. According to American Humane Association, kids in poverty are often neglected and abused because their erect or parents are aggravated with being unable to pay bills or even hold a job. It seems horrid but its the truth. If you think about your younger siblings or cousins, if you have any, they compulsion a lot of attention right?I know my little sister does, and if a parent just ignores their child and neglects them it breaks their heart, so they keep trying and trying to live up to the approval of their parents only to get rejected again. According to Dr. s Ashlee Loughan and Robert Pern, brain ontogeny advances in the first 6 years of life and are further supported with high nutrition, appropriate stimulation, attention, and emotional support (http//www. apa. org/pi/families/resources/newsletter/2012/07/neurocognitive-impacts. spx). So as you can see domestic life is very important in the early stages of life. Other research has found that the kids found in poverty are not given that nutrition, emotional support, or attention therefore they are more likely to have depression or any other psychological or mental illness. The cycle of poverty causes many problems for people it is a chain reaction that is impossible to get out of. It affects many aspects of a persons life and I believe it is one of the worst things that could happen.Many students in high school, like ourselves, are faced with the decision of staying in school or having to drop out to be able to put food on the table for the ir families. This is where the rates of student dropouts increases and many wonder why. Some say its because the kids are lazy and dont care about school, but only a few percentage of them are like that. The other percentage of students who drop out of school that live in poverty, make the decision to get a job just to be able to make sure their family gets food on the table, or even keep the place they currently live in.Nowadays, you teenagers, even me, we take it for granted that we have a home to live in, food to eat every day, a bed to sleep in, and all of those things are just something we expect to be there and for some it is not the case. Studies shown by Chris Isidore proved that those kids who leave school to take on jobs are more likely to become the 20% of adults who earn the bare stripped under a full time job which is $10. 65 at a minimum wage of $7. 45 (Isidore paragraph 2 & 3).The topic of poverty is sometimes an overlooked topic among students, I believe that it is one that should be more paid attention to and I believe that there should be a lot more relief efforts to get people out of it. I hope today, that this speech has changed you mind on the topic of poverty and moved you to want to try and help. If so check out to learn more about how you can help stop poverty and get involved in creating a better world (www. peopleagainstpoverty. com). Known to many officials even the President, poverty, is a virus in America that cannot be ridded of until it is right medicine.To help prevent the beginning of epidemics like these from spreading, I suggest you become a good parent when you are an adult, help guide you children, acknowledge their mistakes, help them learn from it, and to create or wed any clubs that de-motivate the dropping out of school. Traits such as these will allow your children to strive to do well in school forming a better prox for them-selves. To learn more about how to prevent teens and children from going into poverty go to this link and scroll down to the subheading What Can We Do?

Ingredient Branding of Industrial Goods

member targeting of Industrial Goods A typeface study of two distinct several(predicate) automotive providers Waldemar Pfoertsch1 / Johannes Rid2 / Christian Linder3 Abstract This constitution concerns portion shuffleing more specifically, constituent mark for industrial goods. Although research in ingredient mark has been quite intensive in the bea of unshak fit moving consumer goods, considerably less research has been automobileried out for industrial goods. In this paper, the authors provide insight into whether successful ingredient staining canister be transferred to industries where it has non been a commonality phenomenon automotive suppliers.Two major companies in the automotive industry ar analyzed in this paper Autoliv, a major player in political machine-safety supplies and equipment worry seat belts and airbags, and Bosch, makers of a large variety of car comp starnts, like diesel and gasoline injection systems, braking components (e. g. ABS and ESP) , and starting motors and alternators. The findings include enormous potential for B2B companies in the field of ingredient disgraceing. Car suppliers, for instance, find rarely used the option of bloting their ingredients at the finished product.The authors give a historical perspective, show e. g. that ABS braking system, invented by German supplier Bosch would ingest been a perfect candidate for cross offing to the utmost customer. In the purchasing decision of potential car buyers, the ingredient ABS, provided by a sozzled ingredient manufacturer (e. g. Bosch) could have led to a preference of buying a specific car, and in the end, added to the suppliers composition and r make upue. 1. Leveraging the stigmatise We now live in a world where consumers receive thousands of impressions and meats every day.Ever change magnitude competition sustains it more difficult for a message to r severally the audience and target group, with the consequence that it drop deads harder for a consumer to differentiate among markings. Furthermore, as competitive advantages and innovations are copied at a higher speed, products and services become more alike. In this kind of environment, it is important for producers to find a position for their product or service in order to focus and clarify the attributes that make their product unique to the customer.In response to this current business environment, research and best practice show that more and more firms have come to the realization that one of their virtually(prenominal) priceless as desexualises is the set name associated with their products or services. (Keller,2003, Pfoertsch/Mueller, 2006). Producers understand that powerful targets are beneficial to the go with Brands, therefore, are genuine assets and, like other forms of asset, they can appreciate considerably as a result of careful management and phylogeny. (Blackett, in Murphy, 1989).Kotler/Pfoetsch (2006) have proved that B2B marque offer s strong competitive advantages, by implementing a holistic brand approach companies can accelerate and increase their overall success compared to companies that do not go the path of B2B branding. Brands should be seen in a holistic manner where all activities of a familiarity should be integrated to get the maximum advantage (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). Strategic success baron be achieved finished leveraging the brand, because the brand is one of the most strategic and worthy assets a firm owns.Possibilities to leverage the brand include line extensions, stretching the brand vertically, brand extensions, and co-branding (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Co-branding means that two brands form an alliance in one or several areas that lead to a sore product mark with both brands. Ingredient branding, on the other hand, is a brand that is solely used as a component of a branded article (Riezebos, 2003). According to noris (1992), there are two relevant criterias that must be fulfilled for ingredient branding. First, the component can only be bought and consumed by consumers as a dowry of the branded article.Second, the brand name of the component is only used for such an ingredient (and not for normal branded articles as well). 2. Can you ingredient brand where branding is not a common phenomenon? The reason companies start to co-operate is due to technological and psychological changes of the business environment. There are two reasons why this occurs (Uggla, 2000) First, applied science and new distribution patterns open up new possibilities for cooperation where brand extension and brand alliances become more kindle from a strategic point of view.Second, consumers timber for riskiness reduction, and brand extension and brand alliances might be the right strategies to reduce consumer risk. Strategies to meet the demands of a changing world are co-branding and ingredient branding. There are some good examples of ingredient branding of durable goods on the marke t, such as Shimano as a component supplier of cycles, and Intel in the computer industry. Intel, for instance, positioned itself to be the heart and soul of personal computers.The scheme was to create a brand, and it spurted for PCs (Karolefski, 2001). In other industries that produce industrial goods, like the car industry, ingredient branding has not been a common strategy. The primary promontory that guides us through this paper is Is it possible for industrial goods industry like the automotive industry to adopt an ingredient brand when ingredient branding is not a common phenomenon? 3. Analyzing with real world data In this paper, real world data from two different companies were collected and compared.A qualitative approach was chosen, which enables us to analyze, understand and interpret the situation rather than giving standardized results. The aim was to understand the strategy of ingredient branding as a whole. Research was mainly based on collecting data through inte rviews with decision makers (respondent interviews), which implies that the interviews are of a strategic nature. A content study approach gives the possibility of getting deeper insight into a veritable problem or situation and to as definite how interviewees perceive their situations.The presented cases are Bosch and Autoliv, two companies representing the car SUPPLIER manufacturing industries. Since this study aims to garter understand why and under what circumstances companies rent an ingredient brand strategy, the case study approach was seen as the most appropriate. The Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart offers a wide range of products to the market, both as a supplier to different kinds of manufactures, as well as a producer of consumer goods. It had 2007 a dollar volume of 46,7 billion and employs over 271,000 people in about 50 countries.Today, 70% of Bosch turnover is from the car industry it is a pioneer in the automotive supplier industry, with products that include ABS and ESP, injection systems, brakes, starter motors and alternators. Another major car supplier, Autoliv Inc. is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the result of a merger between Autoliv of Sweden, founded in 1953, and the American high society self-propelling Safety Production, started in 1997. Autoliv of Sweden was the inventor of seat belts, which first came onto the market in 1956, and developed the first airbag for cars in 1980.Autoliv has about 30% market share in its segment on a worldwide basis, and employs about 6,000 people, with sales in 2004 of $ 5 billion. 4. Leveraging the brand for industrial goods If a company realizes that it cannot capitalize on its own brand alone, it might choose to capitalize on another brand. This implies that company A wants to borrow connective of a brand from company B. It fol first bases that company B in turn must also want to have something from A, since B must also benefit from its association with A.Generally speaking, three prerequis ites must be fulfilled before company A and B collaborate 1) Both companies must have sufficient brand legality, otherwise they would not be able to borrow out any associations (Keller, 2003) 2) company A and B should have a common basis of associations, meaning that A and Bs identity should have a certain degree of fit (Riezebos, 2003) and 3) that company A should be able to offer associations which B does not have and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). (1) satisfactory brand equity The first prerequisite in terms of brand identity is that both brands have ufficiently strong and unique associations that both of the brands (ingredient and host brand) on an individual basis have enough brand equity (Keller, 2003, p. 362). In this study, the question is whether Autoliv and Bosch each offer enough brand equity so that they could be potentially interesting associates for a host brand seeking to leverage its brand identity. The brand equity of Bosch can be rated as high. Bosch has successfully leveraged its own brand with brand extensions and line extensions. Bosch, in its beginnings, was a producer of car parts like starting motors and alternators.Over time, Bosch began to capitalize and leverage its own brand by extending their product range, including the growth and production of power tools, mobile telephones, security systems, and industrial packing machines. The other company in this case study, the car safety producer Autoliv, is a well-known(a) brand among B2B customers. Autoliv wants to work together with the best automotive companies in the field of car safety The identity of Autoliv is a company that always has the technical leading in the area of car safety equipment like airbags and seat belts.Autoliv strives to always be the first with technical development in their area. (Mats Odman, Autoliv). (2) Common basis of associations The arcsecond prerequisite is that the companies working together should have a certain degree of similarity in th eir brand identity (Riezebos, 2003). According to Keller (2003), the logical fit (image and product) between the two brands is the most important requirement for a successful coaction between two brands.That means a) that both companies brand identities (host and ingredient brand) should be in correspondence with each other, and b) that the ingredient offers complementary brand associations. Main associations connected with Bosch are feature and innovation. Most car manufacturers have these associations as well, therefore, a common basis of associations does exist. Bosch representatives say that products from Bosch contribute key values to the brand such as a promise from Bosch about product quality. Bosch products are also advanced in the car industry which is reflected in their slogan We bring innovation, e. . Bosch was first to introduce engine injection systems with 1600 bar pressure (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). On the negative side, Bosch has the problem of being a supplier to virtually every car manufacturer in the world, and these car manufacturers have widely different brand identities (e. g. the brand identity of BMW is totally different than that of Volkswagen). Autoliv can be more precise in common associations. Autoliv aims to develop projects with car manufacturers that are striving for the latest technology in car safety, most likely with car manufacturers in the premium segment.A logical fit exists here because Autoliv has the same aim of technical leadership as the car manufacturers they choose to work together with. (3) Offering complementary associations Finally, cooperation between brands will only work if the partner brand offers complementary associations, which the host brand does not have, and vice versa (Park/Jun/Shocker, 1996). The concept of brand identity system is primeval here (Aaker, 1996), and includes the following definition Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist desires to create or ma intain.These associations represent what the brand stands for (Aaker, 1996). Brand identity consists of twelve dimensions organized around four perspectives the brand-as-product (product scope, product attributes, quality/value, uses, users, country of origin), brand-as-organization (organizational attributes, local versus global), brand-as-person (brand personality, brand-customer relationships), and brand-as-symbol (visual imagery/metaphors and brand heritage). Though not all perspectives might be appropriate for every brand, it should help firms to consider different brand elements to be able to enrich and differentiate their brand identity.The brand identity type is structured into loading and extended identity. The mettle identity is the timeless and central essence of the brand. Therefore, it will most likely remain constant while the brand is stretched to new markets and products. The extended identity consists of brand identity elements, which complete the core identity, such as a slogan, sub-brands, and the brand personality (e. g. reliable, American, German engineering, friendly). pic get word 1 Aakers fashion model for brand identity modified with results from the case studyTo be able to identify and analyze what the case companies Bosch and Autoliv have to offer to their partners (host brands) in terms of desirable attributes, the above figure based on Aakers (1996) model summarizes the most important advantages of the examined cases. The reader should note that this paper is based on a study from the suppliers perspective (partner brand). Therefore, spill-over effects which the case companies might receive from the producer side are not examined. Bosch offers associations which the partner brand possibly does not have.Attributes like German engineering, reliable and innovation could be easily used and benefited from by car manufacturer building middle and lower-class cars. Autolivs contribution to collaboration is technical leadership. One c ould say that Autoliv is a premium brand in their field of competence, thus offering strong associations in quality. To summarize, we can conclude that brand equity is one of the most, if not the most, valuable assets a company has. The companys brand identity is the most important factor in creating or pushing the companys brand equity.Companys management should continuously try to leverage the brands identity. Our case companies Bosch and Autoliv prove that leveraging is fully possible in the area of industrial goods 5. Fit between brands So far, the authors have analyzed whether the examined companies and the industrial goods sector could offer enough brand equity and possibilities to leverage. In other words, up until this part of the analysis, we have looked upon whether our case companies would be interesting partners for the producers in their industries, and if the case companies fulfill the prerequisites to make co-branding successful.Now lets look closer into the fit of br ands and the field of brand association base. Image transfer What does theory say about the transferring process? Riezebos (2003) defines image transfer through the term deductive inference, which is the deduction of results/conclusions from brand images already in existence. Deductive inference is important when associations from one brand or entity is carried over to another brand/entity.For the transfer process, a source, which consumers must have certain associations with in terms of where it comes from, and a target (inductive inference, meaning that the associations load the image of the target) is needed. In summary, image transfer is a positive transfer from source to target, and withal a positive feedback from target to source (Riezebos, 2003). For transferring associations, it is both necessary that source and target have something in common (e. g. common brand name), and that the target evokes certain brand associations.Ingredient branding and co-branding are brand-stret ching strategies based on image transfer. Critical success factors for image transfer are 1) the sources direct of brand-added value, 2) how the products are related to each other (target and source should only to a minor degree differ from each other), 3) the target group similarity (Park, 1991), and 4) family resemblance (different packages sharing the same facings). Brand association base Simonin and Ruth (1998) stress the fit between brands (and between the products), which significantly affects the attitudes towards the alliance.Leading researchers agree that companies should integrate the brands they cooperate with within their overall brand architecture. The authors have used the brand association base described by Uggla (2003) to examine the question of fit. The result can be seen in the figure below where the association base model has been modified with the findings from the case studies. The association base is a relevant tool for this purpose to organize brand alliance s and the brand structure from a leader brand perspective and intention.The association base describes how brands can be organized together. The model contains four different core components leader brand associations, partner brand associations, institutional associations and the customers brand image. In a cooperation of brands, the advantage for the leading brand is that it adds values and positive associations to the product. The partner brand gets nettle to the distributions channels leading to the end-consumer market. The collaboration between the leader brand and the partner will determine an association base.The customer will evaluate the perceived equity from the association base and shape a specific brand image (Uggla, 2001). Figure 2 Modified brand association base (Uggla, 2003) Bosch, as a car part producer with German quality and innovation as their base of associations, could definitely contribute to the car manufacturers base of associations as for Mercedes-Benz Endur ing Passion. Autoliv has valuable associations for a potential host brand in terms of car safety. On the other hand, Autoliv does not build brand value, Autoliv would be a weaker partner brand tally to the collaboration theory.The partner brand should help to expand the base of associations of the leader brand, and the partner brands core identity should lead into the direction the leader brand wants to go to, and the direction should be defined by the leader brand. The partner brand should also help to strengthen the base of associations while bringing in exclusivity and differentiation. Once more, Bosch has proven to be a valuable partner when tested against this theory. Autoliv stands weaker in this respect because the company is not actively building brand equity towards the final customer.To summarize, Uggla (2003) suggests that a less familiar leader brand should be connected to a strong partner brand with high brand familiarity. A lesser-known and/or unfamiliar car manufactu rer (e. g. Asian car manufacturers who want to enter new markets impertinent Asia) using Bosch in-car equipment, for example, would be a positive example of this guideline. Functional and emotional incentives for brand collaboration A way of defining the motives for collaboration is given by Uggla (2001). He suggests a model based on a matrix, which is divided into emotional and structural benefits, to be able to understand why brands engage in co-operation.The model is based upon Aakers theory about the brands identity, but focuses on how the components of the value proposition are divided and shared among partners. The model divides the brands engaged in co-operation to a leader brand and (one or more) partner brand(s). The leader brand can choose to develop own associations or choose to capitalize on other brands associations. The partner brands contribution should be to expand to the leader brands base of associations and add decisive physical and/or emotional attributes.Two d ifferent incentives for collaboration are functional and emotional benefits (Uggla, 2001). An example for a functional alliance is Intel because Intel contributes with a product (the central processing unit for a computer) for which they have core competence. With emotional incentives, the aim of the leader brand is to endorse reputation (Cooke, 2000), which is the aim to get a better image and/or quality association with the help of the partner brand. On the other hand, the partner brand can profit from the leader brands functional attributes. pic Figure 3 Applied incentive model from leader and partner brand perspectiveThe authors have modified this model in respect to the case analysis (see Fig. 3). As mentioned above, a brand that wants to lend associations to another brand strong must have strong incentives that can be either functional or emotional. For car producers, working together with Bosch could gain core competence and expand the value proposition (e. g. Bosch as a tech nology leader in ESP, ABS and diesel technology). This is according to the theory (Uggla, 2003), which says that collaboration based on functional incentives implies that the one brand contributes with core competence.Bosch would also profit from brand collaboration through shared cost in R&D. Bosch might expand the legitimate territory for their products if the car manufactures allow Bosch to brand their ingredients. Accentuating emotional attributes are also a possibility for Bosch It is our strategy to position Bosch as an innovative, international, modern company (Stefan Seiberth, Bosch). A car producer might also want to work together with Autoliv based on functional motives because Autoliv has core competency and is a leading manufacturer of car safety equipment (intelligent seat belts, irbags, etc. ). The focus for Autoliv is choosing partners who have a commitment to actively work with the development of safety in cars. As it is the case with Bosch, Autoliv would gain from c ollaborations by sharing costs for R&D. stirred incentives are also important for the company and play a certain role in choosing partners for a new project, according to Autoliv. The image of the car manufacturer is important therefore, the company strives to share development with car manufacturers in the premium segment (Mats Odman, Autoliv).To summarize, according to the incentive model, both Bosch and Autoliv offer sufficient incentives, both from partner brand as well as from the leader brand perspective. 6. Results conveyance of titlering successful ingredient branding to the car industry The authors have taken into account the findings from the secondary sources of Moon (2002), Aaker (1996), and Keller (2003), all of which present a deeper analysis of ingredient branding strategies, and have compared these findings with the information from the car suppliers Bosch and Autoliv.We first want to emphasize that successful companies invest in and put the brand first. Moreover, the most effective strategy for a company is to become a brand-driven organization (Kotler/Pfoertsch, 2006). These companies not only differentiate themselves through their technology, but also through their level of service and through all employees working effectively towards the success of the brand, and thus, the company. In addition, ingredient branding is a form of multi-stage branding (Baumgarth, 2001). Therefore, the whole value chain, from (ingredient) producer to the final customer, needs to be considered.In the case of Bosch or Autoliv, the retailer, the producer of the final good, and the final customer need to be connected. This implies that all downstream markets need to be part of the strategy. Hillyer/Tikoo proved that consumers are cognitive misers (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995). This means that consumers simply trust that a well-known manufacturer would not allow itself to collaborate with a low quality supplier. This has been proven with the success of Intel. Customers sim ply transferred the decision making to the computer manufacturers by trusting that the manufacturers have chosen the right microprocessor supplier, Intel.In terms of transferring these findings to the car industry, Autoliv could bill into the shoes of Intel. Autoliv could act as a retrieval cue (Hillyer/Tikoo, 1995) for potential car buyers, where the car buyer trusts the car manufacturer to have picked a true(predicate) brand in the area of car safety. Also, for a successful ingredient branding strategy, it is crucial that the right opportunity in time be identified. If we look at the success of Intel, often regarded as one of the most successful ingredient branders, one aspect that is different between Intel and the automotive industry is the time of the ingredient branding.The computer industry matured during an era when computer sales were strongly on the rise accompanied by a period of increasing sensitivity to the value of branding (Cook, 2003). The car industry is already mature, therefore, the timing is not optimal for an ingredient brand strategy It would be great to iterate Intels success in the automotive industry, but its 80 years too late to do it (Klaus Deller, Bosch Group, in Cook, 2003). The authors want to stress though, that even the car industry will offer windows of opportunities, especially when supplier come up with decisive inventions and innovations.Another factor to consider is that In contrast to the situation like Intel, where producers were actively looking for co-operations, car manufacturers often want to control their brand image and are currently not actively seeking brand collaboration with supplier. This fact makes the ingredient branding strategy even more complicated to implement. A solution to this would be for suppliers like Autoliv and Bosch to adopt a pull strategy by creating consumer demand.The pull principle is also the basic underlying concept that is best suited for ingredient branding, meaning that the ingredie nt manufacturer directly addresses the final customer (Pfoertsch/Schmid, 2005). Bosch is, through its automotive advertising campaigns in 2006 and 2007, on its way to utilizing such a strategy. Building strong association could even be implement into the car industry. The OEMs in the car industry could effectively promote their associations, which in the case of Bosch could be braking safety (ABS, ESP), and passenger safety (Airbags), in the case of Autoliv.The authors conclude that it is entirely possible for auto suppliers to show an ingredient branding strategy. Bosch and Autoliv proved to have substantial possibilities for ingredient branding. This conclusion can be emaciated through congruence of findings of the empirical research with theory. It is vital to the success of the strategy, though, that the whole organization not only strives for the same objective, but also consistently delivers the brand promise. Only with this quality thinking in the organization, can an ingr edient succeed in the final industrial good.And not to forget it is time-consuming to create and establish a brand. Therefore, the overall strategy needs to be a long-term engagement in the marketing and branding investment. 7. Suggestions for future research This paper has examined the question of ingredient branding as a viable strategy for producers of industrial goods. In particular, we tested automotive suppliers Autoliv and Bosch (Norris, 1992 Keller, 2003 Riezebos, 2003). Since the scope of this paper could only cover the fundamental principle of this question, it would be interesting to go deeper into other aspects.A question for further research would be to find out how a model of the appropriateness of ingredient branding could be derived. Further research could cover even more industry segments in B2B marketing, thereby giving deeper insights into why certain industries have seen companies with successful ingredient branding, while others have not. Additionally, to dis cuss questions about an implementation strategy for ingredient branding needs more insight and research, including a possible guideline for companies that have decided to brand its ingredient.Examples from other industries could also be examined since the implementation process is very complex and many aspects need to be considered. Literature Aaker, D. A. , and Joachimsthaler, E. , Brand leading, The Fress Press, New York, 2000 Aaker, D. A. , and Keller, K. 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Reinventing the Brand, Kogan Page, London, 2001 Kapferer, J. -N. , Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page, London, 1992 Karolefski, John, Intel Outside, www. brandchannel. com, 2001 Keller, K. L. , Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity, Journal of Marketing, January 1993, pp. 1-29 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, 1998 Keller, K. L. , Strategic Brand Management building, measuring, and managing brand equity, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London, second edition, 2003 Kotl er, P. et al. , Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Europe, 1996 Kotler, P. , and Pfoertsch, W. , B2B Brand Management, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 McCarthy, M. S. , and Norris, D. G. , Improving Competitive Position victimisation Branded Ingredients, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 8, Nr. 4, 1999, pp. 267-285 Moon, Y. , Inside Intel Inside, Harvard Business Review, October 15, 2002 Norris, Donald G. , Ingredient Branding A Strategy Option with Multiple Beneficiaries, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1992 Park, C. W. , Jun, S.Y. , and Shocker, A. D. , Composite Brand Alliances An Investigation of Extension and Feedback Effects, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 33, 4, 1996, pp. 453-466 Pfoertsch, W. , and Schmid, M. , B2B-Markenmanagement Konzepte Methoden Fallbeispiele, Franz Vahlen, Munich, 2005 Pfoertsch, W. , and Mueller, J. Die Marke in der Marke Bedeutung und Macht des Ingredient Branding, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006 Riezebos, Rik , Brand Management A suppositious and Practical Approach, Pearson Education Limited, 2003 Simonin, B. L. , and Ruth, J. A. Is the Company known by the Company it keeps? Assessing the Spillover Effects of Brand Alliances on Consumer Brand Attitudes, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 35, February 1998, pp. 30-42 Uggla, H. , The Brand sleeper Base A Model for Strategically Leveraging Partner Brand Equity, Unpublished Paper, 2003 Uggla, Henrik, Managing the Brand-Association Base, Akademitryck AB, Edsbruk, 2000 Uggla, H. , Organisation av varumarken, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo, 2001 Uggla, H. , Varumarkesarkitektur strategi, teori och kritik, Liber Ekonomi, Malmo. 001 1 Waldemar Pfoertsch Professor of Business Marketing CEIBS China Europe International Business School Shanghai Hongfeng Road Shanghai 201206, China Tel +86(21) 28905662 emailprotected edu and Professor of International Business Pforzheim University Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 75175 Pforzheim, Germany 2 Johannes Rid, N ational gross revenue Manager, Pirelli Tyre Nordic AB, Gustavslundsvagen 141, P. O. Box 14147, 16714 Bromma, Stockholm, Sweden,Tel +46. 8. 6220850, Fax +46. 8. 7550941, johannes. emailprotected et 3 Christian Linder Research Assistant Pforzheim Business School Pforzheim University Tiefenbronnerstrasse 65 75175 Pforzheim, Germany Tel +49 7231 28-6466, christian. emailprotected de Bosch Expand the legitimate territory Emotional incentives Functional incentives Bosch Expand value proposition, modify brand personality Bosch Engineering core com Autoliv Core competence in car petence safety Partner brand perspective Leader brand perspective Bosch Cost efficiency (R&D), Short cut to awareness and distribution. Autoliv Cost efficiency (R&D)Institutional Associations Image Transfer Identity Transfer Customers image of the brand Leader Brand Associations e. g. Mercedes-Benz Enduring Passion pic*fgyzS? z? iO? i? i? i? hM8(emailprotectedzhuTCJOJ4QJ5J6emailprotectedzhuT5? 6? CJOJ7QJ8? ? J9emailprotectedzhuT5? CJ,OJ10QJ11J12aJ,mHsHemailprotectedzhuT6? 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